INTRODUCTION

COMPENDIUM OF MARITIME CLAIMS

(COURSE CODE: LGC450)

Lecture Contents

LECTURE 1

THE PRINCIPLES OF MARINE INSURANCE

• INTRODUCTION
• Disclosure and the Doctrine of Utmost Good Faith
• Warranties in Insurance Contracts
• Insurable Interests
• The measure of Indemnity
• Subrogation
• Abandonment
• Sue and Labour

THE GLOBAL NATURE OF MARINE INSURANCE

• The Extent of Marine Risks
• Primary categories of marine insurance
• Insurance for Shipowners
• Hull and Machinery Insurance (H&M)
• Separate Insurance against Total Loss
• Loss of Hire Insurance (LOH)
• Strike Insurance
• Protection and Indemnity Insurance (P&I)
• P&I Insurance Providers
• Defense Insurance (FD&D)
• War risk insurance
• Insurance for the Charterers
• Charterers’ Liability Insurance Providers
• INSURANCE FOR THE CARGO OWNERS
• Protection against Damage to, loss of, cargo
• Protection against loss or damage caused by delay
• Protection against liability to third parties
• Subrogation
• Ship builders’ Risks insurance brokers CHARTER PARTIES CLAIMS 1.0 INTRODUCTION
• Types of Charterparties

LECTURE 2 23-40

• Bareboat Charterparties
• Other Charterparties

2.0 KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TIME AND VOYAGE CHARTER-PARTY

• Understanding Charterparties Terms
• THE SHIPOWNER’S OBLIGATION
• Responsibility to provide seaworthy ship
• Understanding Seaworthiness
• When does Seaworthiness matters
• The shipowners’ obligation to executive voyage with reasonable dispatch

4.0 TIME CHARTERPARTIES

5.0 VOYAGE CHARTERPARTIES

6.0 CHARTERERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES

• Obligation of the Charterers to remunerate the shipowners
• Duty to make hire payments in Time Charterparties
• The shipowners’ Remedies for Non-payment of hire

7.0 VOYAGE CHARTERPARTIES

• Freight earning time
• The Rule against set-off
• Demurrage payment obligation

8.0 LIENS

• The obligation of the Charterer to provide valid employment instructions
• Restrictions of the Charterers’ rights to issue employment instruction
• Restrictions on the shipowner’s right to indemnification by the charterers
• The charterers’ responsibility to avoid loading dangerous goods with notification
• The charterers’ obligation to direct the vessel solely to safe ports
• The charterers’ duty to fulfill their responsibilities promptly
• The responsibility to load and/or discharge with the agreed laytime
• Underlap
• Overlap

9.0 PROTECTIVE PROVISIONS

• Applicable law and jurisdiction
• Insurance
• Claims management

LECTURE 3

BUNKERS CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION
• Damage to the ship’s machinery
• Damage to the Environment
• Claims against the bunker supplier

CLAIMS IN CONTRACT

• Tort claims regarding product liability
• Claims against Time or Bareboat Charterers
• Quality Claims
• Claims against the shipowners

RESPONSIBILITY FOR PAYMENT FOR BUNKERS

• Insurance considerations
• Claims management

LECTURE 4

COLLISION CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION
• Defining a “Collision”
• COLREGS (INTERNATIONAL REGULATION FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972)
• Liability
• Liability in Respect of Cargo
• Liability in Respect of Death or Personal Injury
• Liability to Other Parties
• Collision liability under U.S Law
• The Both-to-Blame collision clause
• Recoverable Compensation

THE LISBON RULES

• Limitation of liability
• Jurisdiction and Applicable Law

CRIMINAL CHARGES AND PENAL PROCEEDINGS

• Relevant Insurances
• Hull and Machinery Insurance
• Collision Liability cover
• P&I Insurance explanation
• Claims Management

LECTURE 5

CLAIMS FOR LOSS, AND OR DAMAGE TO THE SHIP

• INTRODUCTION
• EVIDENCE OF SHIP’S DAMAGE OR LOSS
• Actual Total Loss
• Compensation for Total Loss
• Constructive Total Loss
• Itemizing Cost of Repairs
• Evaluating the Ship after Repair
• Subrogation and Abandonment
• Reasonable Cost of Repairing a Damaged Ship
• Interim (i.e temporary) Fixes
• Unaddressed Damage

LECTURE 6

PEOPLE’S CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION
• LIABILITY TOWARDS CREW MEMBERS
• Contractual Liability
• Individual Employment Contracts
• Collective Bargaining Agreements (CBAs)
• Seafarer’s Articles
• Statutory Obligations
• Statutory Liability in the United States
• The General Maritime Law

LIABILITY TO PASSENGERS

• Contractual Liability
• The Passenger Ticket Contract
• Limited Freedom of Contract
• International Conventions
• Jurisdiction for Claims
• Time Limit for Claims
• The 2002 Protocol to the Athens Convention
• The 1976 Limitation Convention
• National and Regional Laws
• Liability in the United States
• Liability in the European Union
• “Hotel-Type” Claims

RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS THIRDS PARTIES

• Contractual Liability
• Statutory Liability
• Liability of Common Law

5.0 CLAIMS INVOLVING STOWAWAYS

6.0 OVERVIEW OF INSURANCE PERSPECTIVE

• P&I Coverage for Crew members and Passengers
• P&I Coverage for Liability to Other Parties
• Claims Management

DEMURRAGE AND DISPATCH

• Laytime Considerations
• Commissions in Chartering
• Commercial Operations in Ship Management

LECTURE 7

CARGO CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION
• Booking Notes
• Bills of Lading
• Identifying the Carrier under the Bill of Lading
• What are the Terms of the Bill of Lading?
• Who has the Right to Sue the Carrier?
• Straight Bills of Lading
• Electronic Bills
• Sea waybills
• Delivery Orders
• The Scope of Regulation

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MANDATORY INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

• The Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
• Carrier’s Obligations
• The Hamburg Rules
• Cargo delivery responsibilities
• Carrier’s Rights
• Package Limitations
• Time Limits
• The Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
• The Hamburg Rules
• MULTIMODAL AND THROUGH TRANSPORT
• The Rotterdam Rules
• LIABILITY IN TORT
• Liability in tort generally arises in two scenarios
• Protection of Third Parties
• Indemnity Claims under Charterparties
• THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROVIDING PROOF
• Carrier Source Evidence
• The Evidentiary significance of documents
• Evidence of the vessel
• Cargo Source Evidence
• Survey Evidence
• Disclosure of Evidence

6.0 LAW AND JURISDICTION

7.0 INSURANCE LECTURE 8 FIXED OR FLOATING OBJECTS (FFO) CLAIMS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

• Responsibility for Damage to Fixed or Floating objects
• Liability in Tort
• Liability under Contract
• Liability under Statute or Other Regulations
• Recoverable Damages
• THE RIGHT TO LIMIT LIABILITY
• Hull and Machinery Insurance
• Increased Value (IV) Insurance
• P&I Insurance
• Loss of Hire Insurance
• Legal and Other Expenses Cover
• CLAIMS MANAGEMENT

LECTURE 9

SAFE PORTS CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION LECTURE 9
• Contractual Provisions and Safety of the Ship
• General Provisions
• Nature of Liability
• DEFINING SAFE PORT
• Unsafe Infrastructure
• Political or Legal Unsafety

3.0 SAFE BERTHS

4.0 THE SHIPOWNERS’ REMEDIES

• Can the shipowners be compelled to proceed to that Port or Berth?
• Shipowner’s Remedy For Losses or Damages incurred
• LIMITATION AND STRICT LIABILITY
• P&I Insurance

LECTURE 10 DANGEROUS GOODS CLAIMS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 THE BASIS OF LIABILITY

• Criminal Liability
• Commercial Liability
• Obligation to Notify the Carrier of Hazard
• Strict Liability
• THE RELEVANCE OF THE HAGUE OR HAGUE-VISBY RULES
• Carrying Dangerous Goods Without the Knowledge of the Carrier
• Carrying Dangerous Goods With the Knowledge of the Carrier
• Who is liable?

4.0 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

5.0 CLAIMS HANDLING

LECTURE 11

TOWAGE AND SALVAGE CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION

LECTURE 11

• Towing Vessels Services
• LIABILITY •

Liability between the Tug and Tow

• Towage law in the U.S.A
• Liability between the Tug/Tow Combination and Third Parties
• INTERNATIONAL TERMS
• Insurance
• A ship engaged in Towing Operations

4.0 CLAIMS MANAGEMENT FOR TOWAGE OPERATIONS

5.0 SALVAGE CLAIMS 6.0 SALVAGE AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION

• Special Compensation (Environmental Salvage)
• Insurance for Cargo
• Insurance for Hull and Machinery
• P&I Insurers
• Salvor Negligence
• COASTAL STATE INTERVENTION
• Claims Management

LECTURE 12

POLLUTION CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION
• Pollution Prevention
• Addressing Pollution Incidents
• State-initiated Response \
• Shipowner-initiated Response
• Operational Considerations
• Liability for Pollution
• CIVIL LIABILITY
• Civil liability for Oil Pollution Claims under International Convention
• Channeling
• Claims Related to Oil Pollution Damage
• Liability for Environmental Damage for Non-Oil Products
• Civil Liability for Pollution Claims under U.S Law
• The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 1990)
• Extent of Applicability
• Basis of Liability
• Recoverable Claims
• Limitation of Liability
• Liability for Cleanup costs
• Certificates of Financial Responsibility(COFR)
• Liability for Claims brought by third parties for loss or damage
• CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND PROSECUTIONS FOR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS 4.0 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
• Criminal Prosecution of crew members
• The situation in the U.S.A
• Salvage Services
• Liability for ship scrapping

5.0 RELEVANT INSURANCES

• P&I Insurance
• Hull and Machinery Insurance
• Cargo Insurance
• PORT AUTHORITY LIABILITY FOR POLLUTION
• Claims Management

LECTURE 13

GENERAL AVERAGE CLAIMS

• INTRODUCTION LECTURE 13
• Illustrations of General Average Sacrifices and Expenditures
• COMPUTATION OF GENERAL AVERAGE CONTRIBUTION
• Consideration of Fault
• Relevance of Fault under U.S Law 3.0 THE YORK-ANTWERP RULES (YAR)
• The Enforcement of General Average Contribution
• Non-separation Agreements
• INSURANCE
• Coverage for Cargo Insurers
• Coverage for Hull and Machinery Insurers
• Marine Containers Insurers
• Coverage by P&I Insurers
• SPECIAL CHARGES
• Insurances for Cargo Special charges
• Coverage for Hull and Machinery Special charges
• Coverage ny P&I Insurers for Special charges
• Claims Management

LECTURE 14

REMEDIES AND LEGAL VARIATIONS

• INTRODUCTION
• The range of available primary remedies

2.0 DAMAGES OVERVIEW

• The remoteness of damage
• The measure of damage
• Additional principles
• Pre-agreed compensation (Liquidated damages)
• Penalty Clauses
• Claim Interests on recoverable damages
• TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT
• Contractual Terminate Clauses
• Breach-based contract termination rights
• Repudiation of Contract
• Declarations of liability or non-liability
• Rectification
• Injunctions
• Specific Performance
• Costs
• Insurance and claims management

LECTURE 15

CLAIMS MANAGEMENT

• INTRODUCTION
• Hypothetical Scenario 1
• Emergency Situations
• People
• Environment
• Property
• External Advisers
• Lawyers
• Salvors
• Environmental Experts
• Media Consultants
• Local Representation

 

• RESPONSE PROCEDURE
• People
• Environment
• Property
• Information and Documentation
• Notification of Relevant Parties
• Government Authorities
• Business Partners
• Exercising caution
• People
• Environment
• Property
• POTENTIAL LIABILITY SCENARIOS
• People
• Environment
• Property

 

• RESUME
• Hypothetical Scenario 2
• Potential Claims
• People, Environment and Property claims
• Bunker •

Charterparty claims

• Special Compensation claim
• Shipowner’s Defenses

6.0 JURISDICTION

• LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

Aim of the Module:

This module aims to provide learners with a comprehensive understanding of the various types of maritime claims, their legal foundations, and practical implications in maritime operations and dispute resolution.

Learning Outcomes:

By the end of this module, learners will be able to:

• Identify and classify different types of maritime claims under international and national legal frameworks.
• Understand the procedures for asserting and defending maritime claims.
• Analyze case studies involving maritime claims to determine legal responsibilities and remedies.
• Apply knowledge of maritime claims in the context of chartering, cargo disputes, collisions, salvage, and maritime liens.

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LGC Full Course Compendium of maritime Claims Brochure INTRO 2