LECTURE 10

VESSEL AND CARGO OPERATIONS
• Security Planning Considerations for Vessels
• Key VSO Responsibilities under the MTSA
• Coordinating Security between Port Facilities and Vessels
• Declaration of Security (DoS)
• DoS Documentation
• Passenger and Crew Security
• Passenger and Crew Security

MILITARY VESSEL VISITS TO COMMERCIAL PORTS
• Cargo Operations
• Container Security Initiative (CSI)
• Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism ( C-TPAT)

CARGO SECURITY AT PORT FACILITIES
• Cargo Handling and Security Procedures
• Loading and Unloading
• High-Value Cargo Handling
• Terminal and Facility Security
Summary

VESSEL AND CARGO OPERATIONS
VESSEL OPERATIONS
During port operations, multiple cruise vessels may dock simultaneously, involving thousands of passengers, vehicles, luggage, and provisions, making the facility a hub of activity. Large vessels essentially function as floating infrastructures connected to port facilities via gangways, cargo equipment, fueling systems, and service networks. Any threat to the vessel extends to the port, underscoring the need for synchronized security measures between vessel and port facility.
Port Facility Security Officers (FSOs) are tasked with aligning security efforts with Vessel Security Officers (VSOs) to ensure the seamless protection of both entities.

Vessels have unique security considerations, infrastructure, and personnel that require close collaboration with port authorities, particularly when interfacing through terminal facilities that may operate under distinct organizational frameworks.

SECURITY PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR VESSELS
Port FSOs must adopt a collaborative approach to minimize security risks associated with in-port vessel operations. This includes aligning efforts with VSOs and Terminal Security Officers (TSOs) to counter threats such as terrorism, criminal activity, and other hazards. Security plans should outline potential problems, solutions, required resources, and administrative changes to ensure effective
implementation.

Key considerations include strengthening port infrastructure, enhancing personnel vetting, and refining security protocols. Regular coordination and testing of security plans among port and vessel operators are essential to ensure operational continuity. The heightened threat environment, especially terrorism, necessitates robust risk management measures.
Since 2004, the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code mandates passenger and commercial vessels over 500 gross tons to have designated VSOs responsible for implementing Vessel Security Plans (VSPs) and coordinating with company and port FSOs. The Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) of 2002 outlines similar requirements in the United States.

KEY VSO RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE MTSA:
1. Conduct vessel inspections to ensure compliance with security measures.
2. Manage and maintain the VSP, including updates and audits.
3. Coordinate cargo handling and bunkering in alignment with security protocols.
4. Propose VSP modifications to the Company Security Officer (CSO).
5. Ensure proper training, awareness, and vigilance among vessel personnel.
6. Report and document all security incidents and ensure coordination with FSOs and TSOs.

Port FSOs must also address potential threats and scenarios, such as:
• Smuggling of contraband or hazardous materials.
• Hijacking or attacks on vessels for ransom or sabotage.
• Criminal activities like theft, assault, and drug trafficking involving crew or passengers.
The Cruise Vessel Security and Safety Act (2010) mandates reporting of incidents
such as homicides, assaults, and thefts to the FBI, ensuring transparency and
accountability.

COORDINATING SECURITY BETWEEN PORT FACILITIES AND VESSELS
Effective port-vessel security management requires regular communication and collaboration among FSOs, VSOs, and other stakeholders. Ports must maintain media liaison officers to manage public communications during incidents and ensure readiness to provide emergency medical, fire, or law enforcement support.
Establishing direct communication channels between port and vessel security teams is vital. This may involve radio systems, monitored computer communications, or mobile services to ensure prompt response during emergencies.
Collaboration with harbor pilots, who navigate vessels through local waterways, enhances situational awareness and mitigates security risks. As pilots transfer to and from vessels, they can assist in monitoring potential threats in port waters.

Additionally, involving berthing and operational staff in security planning ensures streamlined coordination of vessel movements and security measures. Under the MTSA, FSOs must establish effective communication systems at all Maritime Security (MARSEC) levels to address evolving threats and maintain a secure operating environment.
The integration of vessel and port security requires diligent planning, effective communication, and collaboration among all parties involved. By fostering relationships with vessel operators, pilots, and law enforcement agencies, port FSOs can enhance security measures, mitigate risks, and ensure the safety of passengers, crew, and port infrastructure.

DECLARATION OF SECURITY (DOS)
The Port Facility Security Officer (FSO) is responsible for ensuring seamless coordination and integration of security measures between the port facility and vessels, as outlined by the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) regulations.
This includes executing the Declaration of Security (DoS) to address and mitigate identified security concerns.
Under the MTSA regulations, the DoS serves as a formal agreement between the Vessel Security Officer (VSO) and the port FSO. This agreement ensures that security measures are clearly defined, shared, and implemented for the duration of the vessel’s stay in the port facility.
Key Requirements:
1. MARSEC Level 1
• The DoS must be completed and signed by the vessel’s master, VSO, or designated representative, and the port FSO or their delegate.
• It should outline coordinated security procedures and responsibilities for the vessel’s stay, including passenger embarkation, disembarkation, or cargo transfers.
• The DoS must be signed upon the vessel’s arrival.
2. Higher MARSEC Levels (2 and 3)
• At these levels, the DoS must be executed before any cargo transfer or passenger-related operations.
3. Continuing DoS Agreements
• For vessels making frequent visits, a continuing DoS may be implemented under the following conditions:
• MARSEC Level 1: Valid for up to 90 days.
• MARSEC Level 2: Valid for up to 30 days.
• If the MARSEC Level increases beyond the current DoS, a new agreement must be signed immediately.
4. USCG Authority
• The U.S. Coast Guard Captain of the Port (COTP) may require any manned vessel to implement a DoS with the port FSO, regardless of MARSEC Level, if deemed necessary.

DOS DOCUMENTATION
The written DoS must include:
• Validity period and covered activities (e.g., mooring, cargo operations).
• MARSEC Levels of both the port and vessel.
• Initials of the VSO and FSO for specific agreements.
Specific security measures covered in the DoS include:
• Monitoring restricted areas and controlling access.
• Security communication between ship and port.
• Screening and handling of cargo, stores, and unaccompanied baggage.
• Embarkation and disembarkation controls.

PASSENGER AND CREW SECURITY
Port FSOs must prioritize the security of passengers and crew to prevent dangerous substances or unauthorized devices from entering port facilities. This includes:
• Establishing robust screening and inspection protocols. Security Measures:
• Addressing potential threats such as unauthorized crew members or explosives.
• Screening Systems: Designed to detect and prevent prohibited items, including weapons, explosives, or incendiaries.
• Access Control: Security systems, including photo ID and electronic checks, prevent unauthorized boarding.
• Accurate Manifests: Passenger and crew lists are essential for customs, immigration, and port operations.
• Training: Ship crews must be trained in port-specific security requirements.
• Checkpoint Screening: May include x-ray machines, metal detectors, pat-downs, and explosive trace detection.
Personnel must comply with these measures, and entry may be denied for refusal to undergo screening.

MILITARY VESSEL VISITS TO COMMERCIAL PORTS
Special security plans must be developed in advance for military vessels visiting commercial port facilities. These plans must address:
1. Visit Details
• Dates, times, berthing, mooring, and refueling arrangements.
• Coordination with ship agents and law enforcement.
2. Screening and Access
• Vehicle inspections and dockside parking restrictions.
• Visitor and crew access control, including temporary port passes.
3. Security Measures
• Waterside patrols, explosive detection, and law enforcement support.
• Coordination with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) for U.S. Navy visits.
4. Event Management
5. Cost and Resource Planning
• Protocols for VIP receptions, public visits, and other scheduled events.
• Monitoring compliance with security protocols.
• Security costs must be calculated and approved by relevant authorities.

CARGO OPERATIONS
» U.S. Government Initiatives for Cargo Security
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection (USCBP) is tasked with screening and scanning inbound cargo to prevent the entry of materials that could be used in terrorism or other criminal activities.

CONTAINER SECURITY INITIATIVE (CSI)
Launched after the 2001 terrorist attacks, CSI aims to secure high-risk cargo containers at foreign ports before they are shipped to the U.S. The initiative is built on four key principles:
1. Utilizing computerized intelligence to identify potentially dangerous containers.
2. Conducting pre-screening at departure ports.
3. Employing non-intrusive inspection tools like X-rays.
4. Using tamper-evident cargo containers.
Initially deployed in 20 high-volume ports, CSI now includes 58 foreign ports, covering 85% of U.S.-bound maritime container traffic. Ports participating in CSI must meet specific criteria, such as using inspection technology, sharing data with U.S. customs, and addressing port vulnerabilities.
» 24-Hour Rule

In 2003, the USCBP introduced the “24-hour rule,” requiring cargo carriers to provide detailed manifests at least 24 hours before loading. This rule aims to identify potential threats before cargo departs for the U.S.

CUSTOMS-TRADE PARTNERSHIP AGAINST TERRORISM (C-TPAT)
C-TPAT, a voluntary program introduced in 2001, strengthens supply chain security by fostering partnerships between the government and businesses. Participants receive benefits like reduced inspections and priority processing. However, evaluations by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) revealed challenges in verifying compliance with security practices. The GAO recommended improvements, which have since been implemented.
» Megaports Initiative
Administered by the National Nuclear Security Administration, this program equips foreign seaports with radiation detection systems to counter nuclear smuggling. By 2015, 100 ports were targeted for system installations, aiming to scan 50% of global container traffic.
» Secure Freight Initiative (SFI)
Launched in 2007, SFI enhances container screening through integrated scanning technologies. Data and images from scanned containers are sent to the U.S. in real-time for risk assessment.

CARGO SECURITY AT PORT FACILITIES
While government programs address global cargo security, port facilities play a critical role in ensuring cargo integrity on the ground. Security measures must address risks like theft, employee conspiracies, and inadequate infrastructure.
Key Security Measures
1. Port Facilities: Develop strong processes for cargo reception, storage, and release.
2. Internal Threats: Address vulnerabilities from employee theft and internal conspiracies.
3. Access Control: Implement credentialing systems to regulate access to restricted areas.
» Regulatory Requirements
Under the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA), port facilities must:
• Deter tampering and ensure only authorized cargo enters.
• Maintain a continuous inventory of hazardous materials.
• Coordinate security measures with shippers.
At higher Maritime Security (MARSEC) Levels, additional measures like increased inspections, segregation of cargo, and restricted operations are required.
» Cargo Gate Operations
Efficient gate management is essential for cargo security. Ports should:
• Issue and track gate passes that record vehicle and cargo information.
• Analyze processing times to improve traffic flow.
• Designate a cargo gate manager to oversee operations and reduce delays.
» Cargo Building Security
Cargo facilities within buildings and warehouses also require robust security measures to prevent breaches. Common issues, such as propped-open doors or inadequate surveillance, can create vulnerabilities. Regular security sweeps and monitoring systems are essential for maintaining cargo integrity.

CARGO HANDLING AND SECURITY PROCEDURES
» Delivery and Reception Procedures
• Gate Access and Identification: Verify identification and issue gate passes to authorized personnel.
• Vehicle and Equipment Verification: Confirm company names on vehicles and equipment match records.
• Cargo Release: Allow cargo release only to carriers listed in delivery orders.
• Driver Verification: Ensure truck drivers and their companies are verified before releasing cargo.
• Restricted Area Access: Limit access to authorized personnel only.
• Document Protection: Safeguard shipping documents against tampering, unauthorized access, and theft.
• Seal Integrity: Inspect container seals for tampering and verify seal numbers against documentation.
• Vehicle Inspection: Check vehicle interiors for unauthorized occupants or stolen items.
• Driver Acknowledgment: Obtain legible signatures from drivers during cargo delivery.

LOADING AND UNLOADING
• Document Review: Thoroughly review delivery documents and verify shipment details.
• Direct Movement: Transport cargo directly between railcars, trucks, vessels, and storage areas.
• Seal Inspection: Verify container seals during arrival, departure, and transfers.
• Empty Container Checks: Open and inspect empty containers, resealing them securely before storage.
» Storage of Loose Cargo
• Stack loose cargo parallel to fences and walls, ensuring clear views of the perimeter.
» Documentation Management
• Advance Transmission: Electronically send cargo manifests to U.S. Customs before vessel arrival.
• Bill of Lading Inspection: Review bills of lading before cargo acceptance.
• Accurate Descriptions: Ensure detailed records of cargo type, weight, and quantity.
• Document Security: Develop procedures to protect documents from tampering or loss.
» Control, Inventory, and Reconciliation
• Cargo Tracking: Maintain accurate lists and location charts for all cargo.
• Segregation: Separate import, export, and domestic cargo, as well as delivery and receiving operations.
• Shortage/Overage Reporting: Immediately report discrepancies in cargo inventory.

HIGH-VALUE CARGO HANDLING
• Segregation and Security: Store high-value items in secure, designated areas with detailed logs.
• Elevated Storage: Place high-value containerized cargo in elevated positions to limit unauthorized access.
» Seals and Sealing Practices
• Seal Verification: Inspect container seals at entry and exit points.
• Tampering Procedures: Report and document broken or tampered seals.
• Unsealed Shipments: Seal unsealed shipments at the entry point, recording seal numbers.
• Seal Inventory: Maintain secure storage and logs for seals.
Equipment Controls
• Access Restrictions: Limit access and key distribution for mules, trucks, forklifts, and loaders.
• Secure Storage: Store equipment in designated areas when not in use. Audit and Management Controls
• Cargo Removal Investigations: Establish procedures to address unauthorized cargo removal.
• Security Breach Correction: Identify and rectify vulnerabilities leading to security breaches.
• Regular Inspections: Conduct periodic checks of cargo security procedures at various times during operations.

TERMINAL AND FACILITY SECURITY
• Building Sweeps: Perform joint inspections with security staff to identify potential vulnerabilities, such as open doors or obstructed views.
• Access Monitoring: Control employee movement between restricted and non-restricted areas.
• Parking Restrictions: Prohibit personal vehicle parking near or inside cargo facilities, with clear signage.
• Equipment Storage: Secure all cargo-moving equipment after operations, removing keys to designated locations.
» Collaboration and Risk Mitigation
• Foster relationships between port FSOs, terminal staff, and security organizations to conduct joint risk assessments and address security gaps.

// SUMMARY OF PORT SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES //
Port facilities face risks such as theft, fire, and criminal activity. Effective coordination between port security officers (FSOs), vessel security officers (VSOs), and terminal staff is essential to mitigate risks. The International Ship and Port
Facility Security (ISPS) Code and the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) mandate robust security measures, including:
• Vessel Security: Collaboration between port and vessel security teams to address threats and criminal allegations.
• Passenger Safety: Implementing screening checkpoints and criminal activity reporting for passenger vessels.
• Cargo Security: Utilizing programs like the Container Security Initiative (CSI), the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), and the Secure Freight Initiative to enhance cargo safety.
• Access Control: Designing systems to prevent unauthorized access to restricted areas and cargo.
• Collaborative Planning: Engaging with U.S. Customs and Coast Guard officials for security planning and risk assessments.
Developing strong relationships across security teams and implementing thorough procedures will reduce theft, lower insurance costs, and strengthen confidence in port operations.

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10 Lecture 10 PSM Vessel and Cargo Operations 

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